What Is Gum Recession? Its Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention Methods

Gum recession occurs when the gum tissue pulls away from the teeth, exposing the underlying roots. This condition can result from several factors and is treatable through various methods. In this article, we will discuss what gum recession is, its symptoms and causes, the available treatment options, and how to prevent it.

What Is Gum Recession?

Gum recession, also known as gingival recession, is a type of gum disease that affects approximately 88% of people over the age of 65 in at least one tooth. In gum recession, the edge or margin of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth wears away or pulls back, exposing more of the tooth or its root. As the gum recedes, “pockets” or gaps may form between the teeth and the gum line, creating areas where bacteria can accumulate.

If left untreated, the roots, supporting tissues, and bone structures of the teeth may be severely damaged, potentially leading to tooth loss.

Gum recession is a common dental issue, and many people are unaware they have it because it develops gradually. The first sign is usually tooth sensitivity. A tooth may appear longer than normal or its root might be visible. You might also feel a notch near the gum line.

What Causes Gum Recession?

Poor oral hygiene can lead to plaque buildup and bacterial overgrowth, which over time can damage the gums and cause them to pull away from the teeth, exposing the roots. In severe cases, deep pockets form between the teeth and gums, encouraging further bacterial growth.

Main causes of gum recession include:

• Physical wear and tear of the gum over the years.
• Chronic inflammatory gum disease, such as periodontitis.
• Gum treatments or surgeries that may cause trauma to the area.
• Dental trauma or injury.
• Gum disease, particularly bacterial infections that damage the gums and supporting bones — the leading cause of gum recession.
• Genetics – a family history of gum disease, the position of teeth, or thin gum tissue may predispose individuals to recession.
• Aggressive tooth brushing – brushing too hard or using improper techniques can wear down the enamel and contribute to gum recession.
• Inadequate dental care – failing to brush, floss, or use antibacterial mouthwash can allow plaque to turn into tartar, which only a dentist can remove, leading to gum recession.
• Hormonal changes in women, such as during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, may increase gum sensitivity and vulnerability.
• Smoking and tobacco use.

What Are the Symptoms of Gum Recession?

Symptoms that may indicate gum recession include:

• Bleeding after brushing or flossing
• Red, swollen gums
• Bad breath
• Pain or discomfort at the gum line
• Noticeably shrinking gums
• Exposed tooth roots
• Widening gaps between teeth

How Is Gum Recession Diagnosed?

Gum recession is diagnosed through a physical dental exam. A small, painless ruler-like tool called a periodontal probe is used to measure the depth of the gum pockets. According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, normal pocket depth is between 1 to 3 mm.

How Is Gum Recession Treated?

Non-surgical treatments for gum recession include:

• Topical antibiotics: Deep cleaning under local anesthesia can remove harmful bacteria from beneath the gum line. In some cases, an antibiotic may be placed directly under the gums to help treat infection.
• Medications: Antiseptics and antimicrobial mouthwashes may be prescribed to target the underlying cause of the gum recession.
• Composite bonding: A tooth-colored resin can cover exposed roots, making them less noticeable and more comfortable.
• Orthodontic treatment: Misaligned teeth can cause gum recession. Braces or aligners can reposition teeth and help the gum tissue realign over time.

Surgical treatments for gum recession:

• Flap surgery: Used when other treatments fail, this procedure involves lifting the gums to perform deep cleaning and then repositioning them.
• Gum graft surgery: The main goal is to regenerate lost gum tissue or bone. A graft may use synthetic material, bone, or tissue from another area to help the gums regrow. However, successful outcomes depend on good oral hygiene afterward.
   

Recovery Time:
Recovery depends on the number of treated teeth, graft source, and type of surgery performed. Most people resume normal activity within two weeks. The surgeon will provide specific post-op instructions that must be followed to ensure a smooth and successful recovery.

Can Gum Recession Be Treated at Home?

There is no specific natural home remedy that reverses gum recession. However, maintaining good oral hygiene — brushing with a soft-bristled toothbrush, using suitable toothpaste, and flossing — can prevent plaque and tartar buildup, reduce bacteria, and help prevent the condition from worsening.

How to Prevent Gum Recession?

Preventive measures include:

• Avoid brushing too hard or using hard-bristled toothbrushes. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and gentle strokes.
• Practice good oral hygiene to prevent plaque and tartar buildup, which contribute to gum disease.
• Avoid tobacco products.
• Regularly visit the dentist, especially if you have concerns about your gums or teeth.

What Are the Complications of Gum Recession?

Up to 70% of adult tooth loss cases result from gum disease, including gum recession. When not enough gum tissue remains to hold the tooth in place, the tooth becomes loose and may fall out. In some cases, the dentist may need to extract loose teeth before they fall out naturally. Advanced cases of gum recession often require surgical intervention to prevent further damage.

Is There a Toothpaste That Treats Gum Recession?

Toothpaste for sensitive teeth can help relieve discomfort related to gum recession and support oral health. Look for toothpaste containing active ingredients like:

• Potassium nitrate
• Stannous fluoride
• Arginine
• Strontium chloride

These ingredients soothe dental nerves and provide long-term relief, though it may take several weeks to feel the full effects.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is gum recession dangerous?
Gum recession is not dangerous in its early stages, but if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications like gum disease, tooth looseness and loss, and jawbone deterioration.

Can receded gums grow back?
No, once the gum has receded, it does not grow back naturally — especially in severe cases such as periodontitis. However, gum graft surgery can restore gum tissue and improve your smile by covering exposed roots.